EKISTICS ^{VOL. 70, NO. 418-423, JANUARY-DECEMBER 2003}

ΟΙΚΙΣΤΙΚΗ the problems and science of

HUMAN

SETTLEMENTS

In the steps of Jean Gottmann

Three parts in three double issues

Part 1: Reflections on Gottmann’s thought

(no. 418/419, Jan./Feb.-Mar./Apr. 2003)

Part 2: From megalopolis to global cities

(no. 420/421, May/June-July/Aug. 2003)

Part 3: The bag of tools for a new geo-politics of

the world (no. 422/423, Sept./Oct.-Nov./Dec. 2003)

Guest - editor: Calogero Muscarà

Anyone interested in purchasing these issues should write to the Athens Center of Ekistics, 24 Strat. Syndesmou Street, 106 73 Athens, Greece (e-mail ekistics@otenet.gr; fax +30(210)3629337; tel. +30(210)3623216). Total cost: US$100 including postage for the entire volume (three double issues, parts not sold separately).

EKISTICS/ΟΙΚΙΣΤΙΚΗ: the problems and science of HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Volume 70, Number 418/419, January/February-March/April 2003

In the steps of Jean Gottmann – Part 1 of 3

General Introduction

5 The editor’s page

6 From the global network of megalopolises to the political partitioning of the

world – The guest-editor’s introductory statement Calogero Muscarà

Part 1: Reflections on Gottmann’s thought

10 Reflections on Gottmann’s thought – Introduction by the guest-editor Calogero Muscarà

13 Geographer, historian and classic French regionalist: The evolution of the writings of Jean Gottmann Robert A. Harper

“What began as the study of a spatial, regional complex, increasingly turned to concerns even predictions emphasizing social and economic developments.”

19 From megalopolis to global city-region? The political-geographical context of urban development John Agnew

… [Gottmann’s] “urban geography was an outgrowth of a political geography that emphasized historical oscillation between closed and open territorial systems.”

23 The long road to Megalopolis Luca Muscarà

Megalopolis was certainly not a simple reflection of Jean Gottmann’s biography, but rather a natural evolution of his theoretical work on political geography.

36 City and culture Paul Claval

“The substitution of cultural approaches to morphological and functional ones was mainly achieved from the 1970s. Some authors had, however, understood earlier the interest of combining these different perspectives: it explains the interest of Jean Gottmann’s contributions to the study of big modern cities (…).”

42 Geography, geopolitics and history: Considerations and conclusions Pavlos Tzermias

In “The intellectual environment in which Gottmann studied … political science and philosophy were a pervasive part of the atmosphere; the frontiers between geography and history … were practically non-existent in French universities.”

47 Iconography: Its historical, theological and philosophical background Nicolas Prevelakis

“… the significance of the Iconoography concept for the Social Sciences has to be studied according to the complex issues related to the Icons in the Christian Orthodox tradition.”

52 Minorities in the trap of iconography Christian Lagarde

“… manifestations of the Imaginary, based often on myths which are variously understood outside, and conserved to a greater or lesser degree inside, the geographical entities to which they apply. Thus the situation lends itself to an analysis in terms of images, which may become icons when they are invested with the intangible values associated with the sacred, and may thus form iconographies.”

60 From Gottmann to Gottmann: Testing a geographical theory Calogero Muscarà

“… If the use of iconographies has its fullest expression at the level of national States, what happens when an iconography can no longer count on the strength of national States to nurture it?

64 Territory and territoriality in a globalizing world Ron Johnston

“… I build on Gottmann’s ideas, 30 years after they were presented, to suggest how that fluidity has developed and how different scales have become important in the use of territoriality strategies.”

71 The identity of modern Chinese migrants from Hong Kong to Vancouver, Canada Thomas Fournel

“… regarding the apparent exile of the Hong Kong elite, it would seem today to correspond more to a reinforcing of a global presence, all the colonies forming that way a Hanse of modern times revolving around this Asian major pole. At the same time, these migrants, approaching the planet from a supra-national way and according to their habits no matter their country of residence, could foreshadow a globalizing and multi-residential trend which will more and more characterize behavior of a fortunate ubiquist elite in a close future.”

79 Changing sovereignty and changing borders: vox dei or vox populi? Jean Laponce

“… Distance – physical and perceptual – as well as boundaries that protect and divert communication remain major factors in international relations. … Will the 21st century reverse the process of fragmentation of the world system of states? … We should thus anticipate that new nations will appear. … How will these new states be created, how will their boundaries be determined?”

84 Expansion of the frontier and city of freedom Yasuo Miyakawa

“… the development of central regions and the evolution of frontier regions in Japan have been closely interrelated with each other as Japan became incorporated into the modern world system … at five historical stages … and the changing role of iconography … in relation with the expansion or contraction of Japan’s orbit on the global scene.”

101 Jean Gottmann’s theoretical writings: The art of reinventing geography Jean-Paul Hubert

“… Gottmann re-oriented geography by placing it in the realm of the sciences of organization and structures.”

111 The complete bibliography of Jean Gottmann Luca Muscarà

124 Ekistic grid index

Cover: Jean Gottmann, 1983. (Source: Photograph by Hazel Rossetti, Fellow of St. Anne’s College, Oxford).

The papers in this double issue – the first of three double issues of vol. 70 on the general subject “In the steps of Jean Gottmann” – were solicited, compiled and edited by Calogero Muscarà, guest-editor for this volume. P. Psomopoulos undertook the final editing of the whole in consultation with the guest-editor and the authors. R.J. Rooke provided editorial assistance, Alex Freme-Sklirou proofread the texts, Niki Choleva was responsible for typesetting and graphics, and Despina Moutsatsou for the final dummy from a maquette by the editor.

EKISTICS/ΟΙΚΙΣΤΙΚΗ: the problems and science of HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Volume 70, Number 420/421, May/June-July/August 2003

In the steps of Jean Gottmann – Part 2 of 3

General Introduction

133 The editor’s page

134 From the global network of megalopolises to the political partitioning of the

world: The guest editor’s introductory statement Calogero Muscarà

Part 2: From megalopolis to global cities

138 From megalopolis to global cities – Introduction by the guest-editor Calogero Muscarà

140 An interview with Jean Gottmann on urban geography Miloš Perović

“An ancient philosopher said that Megalopolis was the ‘city of ideas that determines the material city we really build.’ In practice we know that material forms and processes inherited from the past restrict our thinking. This is in interplay between the spirit and the material world with which we have to live, but we can live better with it once we accept the evidence of change and the imperative need to use the power of imagination.”

147 Sustainable development in the frontiers of the American Megalopolis Mami Futagami

“This study examines the issue of sustainable development in the frontiers of the American Megalopolis through an analysis of the Appalachian region, the first western frontier of the United States, to which the Atlantic Megalopolis expanded its markets and export capital..”

162 Marche region, a “marginal” area in Italy: Participation in and exclusion

from the Mediterranean megalopolis Rita Colantonio Venturelli and Andrea Galli

Phenomena such as an overall process of growth or urban concentration “can be interpreted as events within a more general urbanization process, although at the same time they may serve as indicators of the specific modalities of the process itself.”

170 In the footsteps of Jean Gottmann: From Le Havre to harbors between globalization and the quest

for identity François Gay

“The case is clear: geographers need to rehabilitate the notion of territory and more precisely the notion of infra-national territory as a counterpoint to globalization. Man wants to be someone but come from somewhere.”

180 Iconography and circulation on the Atlantic seaboards: Europe and North America Michel Phlipponneau

“How to explain then, that on the European shoreline, the starting point of Megalopolis’ founding fathers, a demographic and economic stagnation, a scattering of men and activities and a limited urbanization, contrast with the extraordinary dynamism of the North American shoreline?”

183 Political aspects of planning the Basque coastal megalopolis Lawrence D. Mann

“Jean Gottmann’s concept of the megalopolis has proved to be very useful in conceptual-level planning for the Basque coastal megalopolis. This is especially clear if a modicum of functional theory is added to the concept, as we have done.”

196 City image and major international events: A new tool for urban strategy and planning Jacqueline Lieutaud

“… the place of the city is growing more and more in a worldwide life where borders are waning. The image of the city is even becoming a target representative of culture and ideology as a whole ...”

211 The periphery in the center: Some political features of Turkish urbanization Ruşen Keleş

“… realities of social and economic structure, including the characteristics and patterns of urbanization, deeply affect political development. … As a result, social, economic and political factors tend to nourish the growth of extremist or fundamentalist movements in society.”

218 Love and hatred: Changing relations between the city governments of Budapest

and the national governments György Enyedi and Krisztina Keresztély

“Over the past 130 years … Governments marked by ‘openness’ policies have always sustained the economic and urban development of Budapest. Governments following ‘closedness’ policies tend to bestow privileges on rural and small town areas.”

228 Towards a megalopolitan world? I.B.F. Kormoss

“The title of the present essay calls to mind its triple raison d’être: a homage paid to the person and to the paramount contribution of the late Professor Jean Gottmann and especially to the study of the North East corridor of the United States of America coined by him as ‘Megalopolis’ … [and] The … two ‘megalopolitan’ areas … studied on a comparative approach in my paper ‘Vers une Mégalopolis européenne?’ Thirty years later it seemed to be appropriate to paraphrase the same issue in a larger context, still keeping the question mark in the title.”

252 Ekistic grid index

Cover: Jean Gottmann, 1983. (Source: Photograph by Hazel Rossetti, Fellow of St. Anne’s College, Oxford).

The papers in this double issue – the second of three double issues of vol. 70 on the general subject “In the steps of Jean Gottmann” – were solicited, compiled and edited by Calogero Muscarà, guest-editor for this volume. P. Psomopoulos undertook the final editing of the whole in consultation with the guest-editor and the authors. R.J. Rooke provided editorial assistance, Alex Freme-Sklirou proofread the texts, Niki Choleva was responsible for typesetting and graphics, and Despina Moutsatsou for the final dummy from a maquette by the editor.

EKISTICS/ΟΙΚΙΣΤΙΚΗ: the problems and science of HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

Volume 70, Number 422/423, Sept./Oct.-Nov./Dec. 2003

In the steps of Jean Gottmann – Part 3 of 3

General Introduction

261 The editor’s page

262 From the global network of megalopolises to the political partitioning of the

world: The guest-editor’s introductory statement Calogero Muscarà

Part 3: The bag of tools for a new geopolitics of the world

266 The bag of tools for a new geopolitics of the world – Introduction by the guest-editor Calogero Muscarà

270 The iconography and circulation of the Atlantic community Alan K. Henrikson

“… To look only to the explicit bonds of obligation or the official consultative arrangements between the United States, in particular, and the countries and organizations of Europe as the source of the cohesion that does, at most times, exist between the continents of America and Europe would, surely, be to miss much of the substance of the connection.”

295 The relevance of Jean Gottmann in today’s world George Prevelakis

“The question is if there can be a European iconography strong enough to overcome the influence of national iconographies in times of crisis and economic difficulty.”

305 Gottmann and Mediterranean Iconographies Giuseppe Campione

“It is not the geography of matter which shapes the true compartmentalization of space. Nowadays in this field problems can be solved technologically and economically. It is in the hearts and minds that true blockages occur.”

315 A “quantitative” analysis of the geopolitical situation in Russia Vladimir Kolossov

“National iconography is a result of a long historical development of the perception by state leaders, public opinion and the intellectual elite of the place of a country in the world, its geopolitical situation, national interests, and external threats to national security.”

321 The Asia-Pacific region and the new world order Dennis Rumley

“… with the current global security configuration consequent upon the new internationalist agenda and the spread of nuclear weapons, Western states need to sufficiently recognize Asia-Pacific regional interests and to more effectively accommodate these in new regional and global economic and security structures.”

327 “Indian” geopolitics: Unity in diversity or diversity of unity? Sanjay Chaturvedi

“… Indian geopolitics is best understood in its historical and discursive context of theorizing and practices.”

341 The geopolitical role of China: Crouching tiger, hidden dragon Fabrizio Eva

“With the notion of iconography, Jean Gottmann demonstrates that spatial identity, nationalism, and the resistance of places can develop a power comparable to that of material forces.”

352 “One Southeast Asia”: Emerging iconographies in the making of a region Elena dell’Agnese

“… regional labeling is a … conceptual formation generally presuming some form of correspondence in space between physical landmasses and human cultural features. … it is also a very adaptable form of geographical representation … over time.”

358 Influence of Jean Gottmann’s thought on national development plans in Japan Jun Yamashita

The influence of Gottmann’s thought on national land plans includes megalopolis in Japan, the importance of the natural environment in a metropolis, decentralization of business functions to sub-centers in metropolitan areas, and so on.

366 Africa and globalization: What perspectives for the future of the continent? Alessia Turco

“Jean Gottmann said: ‘… National politics is built not only upon what exists or doesn’t exist inside the border of a country, but upon what is found or not found in other countries whom the former has relationships with …’ In the context, Africa … is trying to rebuild these relationships on a new basis, in order to get out of its geopolitical and economic isolation and identify its role in the international scene.”

373 Latin American countries and their iconographies Monica Gangas-Geisse and Hernán Santis-Arenas

“The iconographic expressions of the political societies – the political ‘territory’ – at least in the case of Latin American countries, clarify the value of the notions of Jean Gottmann.”

389 Ekistic grid index

391 The anthropocosmos model

392 Cumulative Index of Contents of EKISTICS, January-December 2003 (Vol. 70)

Cover: Jean Gottmann, 1983. (Source: Photograph by Hazel Rossetti, Fellow of St. Anne’s College, Oxford).

The papers in this double issue – the third of three double issues of vol. 70 on the general subject “In the steps of Jean Gottmann” – were solicited, compiled and edited by Calogero Muscarà, guest-editor for this volume. P. Psomopoulos undertook the final editing of the whole in consultation with the guest-editor and the authors. R.J. Rooke provided editorial assistance, Alex Freme-Sklirou proofread the texts, Niki Choleva was responsible for typesetting and graphics, and Despina Moutsatsou for the final dummy from a maquette by the editor.